These CDC guidelines provide recommendations for primary care clinicians who are prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care.
Dowell, D., Haegerich, T., Chou, R. (2016). MDCDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016. MMWR: Recommendations and Reports, 65, 1-49. doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er