This is an academic paper that estimates the economic burden of the opioid crisis on Medicaid from 1999-2013. During this time period, the number of Medicaid beneficiaries with opioid use disorder (OUD) increased 378% and healthcare costs due to OUD more than tripled.
Leslie, D.L., Ba, D.M., Agbese, E., Xing, X., Liu, G. (2019). The economic burden of the opioid epidemic on states: the case of Medicaid. American Journal of Managed Care, 25(13 Suppl), S243-S249.